Development of a modular software and hardware complex for a test-stand with a space greenhouse model
Authors: Buryak A.A., Ochkov O.A., Berkovich Yu.A., Lapach S.N.
Published in issue: #6(114)/2021
DOI: 10.18698/2308-6033-2021-6-2090
Category: Aviation and Rocket-Space Engineering | Chapter: Innovation Technologies of Aerospace Engineering
Space greenhouses (SG) that can be used for enriching the astronauts’ diet are also considered a means of improving the astronauts’ life environment in autonomous crewed expeditions. One of the main requirements for SC is to minimize the specific consumption of the main onboard resources: energy, space, refrigerant, and labor-hours per unit mass of grown product. Experiments on adaptive optimization of irradiation and illumination spectrum were performed and a hardware and software complex (HSC) was developed to control the test-stand with the SG model. The main object of control is an intermittently pressure-sealed chamber with temperature and humidity sensors, as well as an IR gas analyzer. The latter determines the visible photosynthesis of the plants based on the dynamics of CO2 absorption. The sensors and actuators are connected to a Mega 2560 AVR microcontroller connected to a Raspberry Pi 4B single-board computer via a USB-UART converter. The modular software package was created on the basis of the ROS (Robot Operating System) framework, which minimizes the training period for new developers and experiment operators. The first HSC versions were successfully tested on a test-stand with Chinese cabbage to find the trajectory of optimal lighting parameters during the growth process. The HSC made it possible to carry out several replications of a 2-factor experiment to study the drift of the optimal LED lighting modes during a 10 days’ period with daily variation of 2 factors — the current in the red LED circuit and the current in the white LED circuit. Optimal change patterns in the lighting parameters for a test-stand with a space greenhouse model were obtained.
References
[1] Romanov S.Yu., Zheleznyakov A.G., Telegin A.A., Guzenberg A.S., Andreychuk P.O., Protasov N.N., Berkovich Yu.A. Izvestiya RAN, Energetika — Thermal Engineering, 2007, no. 3, pp. 57−74.
[2] Berkovich Yu.A., Krivobok N.M., Smolyanina S.O., Erokhin A.N. Kosmicheskie oranzherei: nastoyaschee i buduschee [Space greenhouses: the present and the future]. Moscow, Firma Slovo Publ., 2005, 368 p.
[3] Zabel P., Bamsey M., Schubert D., Tajmar M. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2016, vol. 10, pp. 1−16.
[4] Morrow R., Wetzel J., Richter R., Crabb T. Evolution of space-based plant growth technologies for hybrid life support systems. 47th ICES paper, Sierra Nevada Corp., 2017, vol. ICES-2017-301. Available at: https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/73075/ICES_2017_301.pdf?sequence=1
[5] Berkovich Yu.A., Sinyak Yu.E., Smolyanina S.O., Krivobok N.M., Erokhin A.N., Romanov S.Yu., Guzenberg A.S. Izvestiya RAN, Energetika — Thermal Engineering, 2009, no. 1, pp. 27−35.
[6] Orlov O.I., red. Mediko-biologicheskie eksperimenty na bortu rossiyskogo segmenta Mezhdunarodnoy kosmicheskoy stantsii [Biomedical experiments aboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station]. Sb. st. GNTs RF — IMBP RAN [Coll. papers, RAS – IBMP]. Moscow, 2021, pp. 144−148.
[7] Berkovich Yu.A., Konovalova I.O., Erokhin A.N., Smolyanina S.O., Smolyanin V.G., Yakovleva O.S., Tarakanov I.G., Ivanov T.M. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2019, vol. 20, pp. 93–100.
[8] Mokronosov A.T. Ontogeneticheskiy aspekt fotosinteza [Ontogenetic aspect of photosynthesis]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981, 196 p.
[9] Avgoustaki D.D., Xydis G. Food Security, 2020, vol. 12.2, pp. 253–268.
[10] Kozai T., Niu G., Takagaki M. Plant factory: an indoor vertical farming system for efficient quality food production. Academic press, 2016, 405 p.
[11] Berkovich Yu.A., Ochkov O.A., Buryak A.A., Smolyanina S.O., Perevedentsev O.V., Lapach S.N. Svetotekhnika, Spetsvypusk “Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya konferentsiia po primeneniyu svetodiodnykh fitoobluchateley” — Light and Engineering, sp. no.“Int. Conf. on Application of LED Grow Lights”, 2019, S1, pp. 37–42.
[12] Berkovich Yu.A., Ochkov O.A., Perevedentsev O.V. Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina — Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2018, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 86−94.
[13] Vedyakhin A., et al. Silny iskusstvenny intellekt: Na podstupakh k sverkhrazumu [Strong artificial intelligence: approaching the superintelligence]. Moscow, Intellektualnaya literatura Publ., 2021, 232 p.
[14] Popkov A.Yu. Avtomatika i telemekhanika — Automation and Remote Control, 2005, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 881−891.
[15] Berkovich Yu.A., Ochkov O.A., Perevedentsev O.V., Buryak A.A. Aviakosmicheskaya i ekologicheskaya meditsina — Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2019, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 85−92.
[16] Lapach S.N. Matematicheskie mashiny i sistemy — Mathematical Machines and Systems, 2016, no. 4, pp. 111−121.
[17] Levri J.A., Vaccary D.A., Drysdale A.E. Theory and Application of Equivalent System Mass Metric. SAE Technical Paper, 2000, vol. 2000-01-2395.
[18] Drysdale A., Bugbee B. Optimizing a plant habitat for space: a novel approach to plant growth on the moon. SAE Technical Paper, 2003, vol. 2003-01-2360.
[19] Quigley M., Gerkey B., Conley K., Faust J., Foote T., Leibs J., Berger E., Wheeler R., Ng A. ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System. ICRA workshop on open source software, 2009, vol. 3, no. 3.2., pp. 5−9.
[20] Malavolta I., Lewis G., Schmerl B., Lago P., Garlan D. How do you architect your robots? State of the practice and guidelines for ROS-based systems. 2020 IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP), IEEE, 2020, pp. 31−40.
[21] Skendzic A., Kovacic B. Open source system OpenVPN in a function of Virtual Private Network. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, 2017, vol. 200, no. 1, art. no. 012065.